Jubilee Prosperity

22. [57]

www.iserp.columbia.edu [58]. “ISERP is descended from the Bureau for Applied Social Research (BASR), established in 1944 by sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld after the Rockefeller Princeton Radio Project moved to Columbia University. The bureau secured Columbia’s place as a pioneering institution in the social sciences, making landmark contributions to mass communications research, public opinion polling, organizational studies, and social science methodology. After Lazarsfeld’s death in 1976, the legacy of the bureau was carried on by the Center for the Social Sciences, which was later renamed in Lazarsfeld’s honor. Under directors Harold Watts, Jonathan Cole, and Harrison White, the Center continued the tradition of pushing the boundaries of social scientific methodology and interdisciplinary research, particularly in the areas of sociology of science and network analysis.”

23. [59]

Georg Simmel. “The Number of Members as Determining the Sociological Form of the Group: II,” American Journal of Sociology, 8 (1902), pp. 158-196.

24. [60]

Ibid. Anatol Rappaport, INSNA pioneer, put the tertius strategy yet another way, after having won a game theory tournament with his strategy called TIT-FOR-TAT: “[H]ow did it win the tournament? By allowing all the other strategies to eliminate each other. (‘Let you and him fight!’ he [Rappaport] explained). He gave some examples to illustrate the principle. A former student of his had developed a scenario called a ‘truel’–a duel for three shooters, all of whom should shoot at the same moment. The first man is known to be a crack shot; he hits his target 95% of the time. The second man is almost as good a shot; he hits his target 90% of the time. The third man is a poor shot; he can hit a target only 50% of the time. So which of these three ‘truelists’ is most likely to survive? Answer: the third guy. The other two men will kill each other, leaving the worst marksman unscathed. TIT-FOR-TAT’s victory represented a similar outcome: it allowed the other strategies to kill each other off.” (Metta Spencer, “Rappaport at Ninety,” Connections magazine, www.sfu.ca/@slinsna.connections-web/volume24-3/metta.web.pdf [61]).

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